390 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
390 lines
8.2 KiB
Markdown
# 第3章 类型系统实战
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> 本章要点:类型系统基础、Option/Result、泛型、trait、错误处理
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## 3.1 类型系统概述
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Rust的类型系统是其最强大的特性之一,它在编译时就能捕获大量潜在的错误。让我们深入了解Rust类型系统的核心特性。
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### 3.1.1 Rust类型系统特点
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Rust的类型系统具有以下关键特点:
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1. **静态类型**:所有变量在编译时都必须有明确的类型
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2. **强类型**:类型之间没有隐式转换
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3. **类型推断**:在大多数情况下编译器可以推断出类型
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4. **零成本抽象**:类型系统的抽象在运行时没有性能开销
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示例:类型推断与显式类型标注
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```rust
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// 类型推断
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let x = 42; // 编译器推断为 i32
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let y = 3.14; // 编译器推断为 f64
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// 显式类型标注
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let x: i32 = 42;
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let y: f64 = 3.14;
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```
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### 3.1.2 类型安全保证
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Rust的类型系统提供了强大的安全保证:
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1. **内存安全**:通过所有权系统防止内存泄漏和数据竞争
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2. **空值安全**:使用Option枚举代替null
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3. **线程安全**:通过Send和Sync trait保证
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4. **错误处理**:使用Result类型强制错误处理
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## 3.2 Option和Result实战
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### 3.2.1 Option枚举详解
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Option是Rust处理可能为空值的标准方式:
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```rust
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enum Option<T> {
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Some(T),
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None,
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}
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// Option使用示例
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fn find_user(id: i32) -> Option<String> {
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if id > 0 {
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Some(String::from("User found"))
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} else {
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None
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}
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}
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// 模式匹配处理Option
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match find_user(1) {
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Some(user) => println!("找到用户: {}", user),
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None => println!("用户不存在"),
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}
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```
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### 3.2.2 模式匹配最佳实践
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模式匹配是处理Option和Result的强大工具:
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```rust
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let maybe_value = Some(42);
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// 1. match表达式
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match maybe_value {
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Some(value) => println!("值是: {}", value),
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None => println!("没有值"),
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}
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// 2. if let语法
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if let Some(value) = maybe_value {
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println!("值是: {}", value);
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}
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// 3. while let循环
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let mut stack = Vec::new();
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stack.push(1);
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stack.push(2);
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while let Some(top) = stack.pop() {
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println!("栈顶值: {}", top);
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}
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```
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### 3.2.3 Result错误处理模式
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Result用于处理可能失败的操作:
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```rust
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enum Result<T, E> {
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Ok(T),
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Err(E),
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}
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// Result使用示例
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fn divide(x: f64, y: f64) -> Result<f64, String> {
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if y == 0.0 {
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Err(String::from("除数不能为零"))
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} else {
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Ok(x / y)
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}
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}
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// 使用match处理Result
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match divide(10.0, 2.0) {
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Ok(result) => println!("结果: {}", result),
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Err(e) => println!("错误: {}", e),
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}
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```
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### 3.2.4 ?操作符使用技巧
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`?`操作符简化了错误处理:
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```rust
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use std::fs::File;
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use std::io::{self, Read};
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fn read_file_contents(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {
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let mut file = File::open(path)?; // 如果发生错误,立即返回错误
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let mut contents = String::new();
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file.read_to_string(&mut contents)?; // 同上
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Ok(contents)
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}
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```
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## 3.3 泛型编程精要
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### 3.3.1 泛型函数和结构体
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泛型允许我们编写灵活可复用的代码:
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```rust
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// 泛型函数
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fn largest<T: PartialOrd>(list: &[T]) -> &T {
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let mut largest = &list[0];
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for item in list.iter() {
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if item > largest {
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largest = item;
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}
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}
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largest
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}
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// 泛型结构体
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struct Point<T> {
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x: T,
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y: T,
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}
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impl<T> Point<T> {
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fn new(x: T, y: T) -> Self {
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Point { x, y }
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}
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}
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```
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### 3.3.2 泛型约束
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通过trait约束限制泛型类型:
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```rust
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use std::fmt::Display;
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fn print_pair<T: Display>(x: T, y: T) {
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println!("x = {}, y = {}", x, y);
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}
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// 多重约束
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fn describe<T: Display + Clone>(value: T) {
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let copy = value.clone();
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println!("值是: {}", copy);
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}
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// where子句
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fn complex_function<T, U>(t: T, u: U) -> i32
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where
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T: Display + Clone,
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U: Clone + Default,
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{
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// 实现
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42
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}
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```
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### 3.3.3 关联类型
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在trait中使用关联类型提高代码清晰度:
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```rust
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trait Container {
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type Item;
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fn get(&self) -> Option<&Self::Item>;
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fn insert(&mut self, item: Self::Item);
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}
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struct Stack<T> {
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items: Vec<T>,
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}
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impl<T> Container for Stack<T> {
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type Item = T;
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fn get(&self) -> Option<&Self::Item> {
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self.items.last()
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}
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fn insert(&mut self, item: Self::Item) {
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self.items.push(item);
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}
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}
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```
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## 3.4 Trait系统深入
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### 3.4.1 Trait定义和实现
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trait定义了类型可以实现的行为:
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```rust
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// 定义trait
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trait Describable {
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fn describe(&self) -> String;
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// 带有默认实现的方法
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fn default_description(&self) -> String {
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String::from("这是一个可描述的对象")
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}
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}
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// 为类型实现trait
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struct Person {
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name: String,
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age: u32,
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}
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impl Describable for Person {
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fn describe(&self) -> String {
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format!("{},{}岁", self.name, self.age)
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}
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}
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```
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### 3.4.2 Trait对象
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使用trait对象实现运行时多态:
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```rust
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trait Animal {
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fn make_sound(&self) -> String;
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}
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struct Dog {
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name: String,
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}
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struct Cat {
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name: String,
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}
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impl Animal for Dog {
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fn make_sound(&self) -> String {
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format!("{}: 汪汪!", self.name)
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}
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}
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impl Animal for Cat {
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fn make_sound(&self) -> String {
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format!("{}: 喵喵!", self.name)
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}
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}
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// 使用trait对象
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fn animal_sounds(animals: Vec<Box<dyn Animal>>) {
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for animal in animals {
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println!("{}", animal.make_sound());
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}
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}
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```
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## 3.5 实战项目:文件处理工具库
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在本章的最后,我们将实现一个文件处理工具库,整合所学的类型系统知识。完整代码请参考`examples/ex03`目录。
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### 3.5.1 核心特性
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1. 强类型的文件操作API
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2. 完整的错误处理链
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3. 可扩展的插件系统(通过trait实现)
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4. 泛型化的数据处理接口
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### 3.5.2 示例代码片段
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```rust
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// error.rs
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#[derive(Debug)]
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pub enum FileError {
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NotFound(String),
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PermissionDenied(String),
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ReadError(String),
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WriteError(String),
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}
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// traits.rs
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pub trait FileProcessor {
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type Error;
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fn process(&self, content: &str) -> Result<String, Self::Error>;
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}
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// file_ops.rs
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pub struct SafeFileReader {
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path: String,
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}
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impl SafeFileReader {
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pub fn new(path: String) -> Self {
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SafeFileReader { path }
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}
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pub fn read_and_process<P: FileProcessor>(
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&self,
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processor: &P
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) -> Result<String, FileError> {
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let content = std::fs::read_to_string(&self.path)
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.map_err(|e| FileError::ReadError(e.to_string()))?;
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processor.process(&content)
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.map_err(|_| FileError::ReadError("处理失败".to_string()))
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}
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}
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```
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### 3.5.3 使用示例
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```rust
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// main.rs
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struct UpperCaseProcessor;
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impl FileProcessor for UpperCaseProcessor {
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type Error = String;
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fn process(&self, content: &str) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
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Ok(content.to_uppercase())
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}
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}
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fn main() -> Result<(), FileError> {
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let reader = SafeFileReader::new("input.txt".to_string());
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let processor = UpperCaseProcessor;
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let processed_content = reader.read_and_process(&processor)?;
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println!("处理后的内容:\n{}", processed_content);
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Ok(())
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}
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```
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## 本章小结
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在本章中,我们深入探讨了Rust的类型系统,包括:
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1. 类型系统的基础概念和安全保证
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2. Option和Result的实际应用
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3. 泛型编程的核心概念
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4. trait系统的深入使用
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5. 实战项目中的综合应用
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通过文件处理工具库的实现,我们看到了如何将这些概念组合使用,创建类型安全、错误处理完善的实用程序。
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## 练习题
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1. 实现一个泛型的Stack数据结构,包含push、pop和peek方法
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2. 为文件处理工具库添加新的处理器,如行号添加器、关键词统计器等
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3. 使用trait对象实现插件系统,允许在运行时动态加载不同的文件处理器
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4. 扩展错误类型,添加更多具体的错误场景和错误信息
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## 扩展阅读
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- [Rust官方文档:泛型](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-00-generics.html)
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- [Rust官方文档:trait](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html)
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- [Rust错误处理最佳实践](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#error) |